Glossary

The institutional design of normative frameworks and oversight mechanisms for the development, deployment, and use of AI systems, ensuring safety, transparency, and accountability.

Legal frameworks enacted by various countries to regulate the application of AI technologies, encompassing the EU AI Act, US executive orders, and national regulatory pathways that balance innovation promotion with risk mitigation.

A market failure phenomenon under information asymmetry where inferior options drive out superior ones. In institutional design, when response mechanisms reward protest while ignoring cooperation, rational actors imitate non-cooperative behavior, creating a Gresham's Law-style vicious cycle.

An interdisciplinary field combining psychology and economics that examines systematic patterns of human decision-making deviating from rational assumptions, including the impact of cognitive biases such as loss aversion, framing effects, and the endowment effect on economic behavior.

A digital form of fiat currency issued by a central bank that combines the trust foundation of traditional currency with the efficiency advantages of digital payments, reshaping monetary policy transmission mechanisms.

The power distribution and oversight mechanisms within corporations, encompassing board structure, shareholder rights, information disclosure, and stakeholder protection to ensure sustainable operations and value creation.

The governance mechanisms for transmitting personal and commercial data across national borders, involving the balance between GDPR adequacy decisions, the APEC CBPR framework, and various countries' data localization requirements.

Corporate mergers and acquisitions spanning different jurisdictions, requiring the handling of multiple complex issues including antitrust review, foreign investment screening (such as CFIUS), cultural integration, and corporate governance alignment.

An organization's capacity to respond to and recover from cybersecurity threats, technology disruptions, and digital risks, encompassing cybersecurity governance, business continuity planning, and supply chain resilience.

The autonomous control capability of a nation or organization over its digital infrastructure, data flows, and technology standards, representing an extension of national sovereignty in the information age.

A systematic change process in which organizations leverage digital technologies to redesign business models, operational processes, and customer experiences, requiring the integrated advancement of leadership, governance architecture, and cultural transformation.

An integrated framework that incorporates Environmental, Social, and Governance factors into investment decisions and corporate management, driving the sustainable transformation of capital markets.

Governance structures that establish balance between family ownership and professional corporate management, encompassing succession planning, family constitutions, independent director systems, and intergenerational wealth transfer.

Legal norms and supervisory frameworks for financial technology innovation, including regulatory sandboxes, open banking, virtual asset management, and other institutional designs that balance innovation promotion with risk control.

A mathematical framework for studying strategic interactions, analyzing optimal choices for decision-makers in situations of mutual interdependence, widely applied in economics, political science, and business negotiations.

AI systems capable of generating text, images, code, and other content, with large language models (LLMs) as the core technology, reshaping enterprise value chains, knowledge workflows, and competitive landscapes across industries.

Multilateral cooperation mechanisms that transcend national sovereignty to address cross-border challenges such as climate change, public health, and the digital economy, facing structural dilemmas of geopolitical fragmentation and a crisis of trust in multilateralism.

University institutional innovations responding to challenges of declining birth rates, digitalization, and globalization, including cross-border degree collaborations, metaverse campuses, industry-academia co-governance, and education quality accreditation systems.

An external director with no material interest in the company, responsible for overseeing management, protecting minority shareholder rights, and strengthening board independence, serving as a core institution of modern corporate governance.

Knowledge, technology, and talent exchange mechanisms between industry and academic institutions, encompassing collaborative research, technology transfer, internship programs, and joint talent cultivation to bridge the gap between academic training and practical application.

A collaborative innovation network composed of enterprises, universities, governments, venture capital firms, and accelerators that drives systemic innovation in a region or industry through knowledge spillovers, talent mobility, and institutional support.

An alternative dispute resolution mechanism in international commercial disputes where arbitrators selected by both parties render decisions according to agreed-upon rules, offering advantages of cross-border enforceability and procedural flexibility.

An immersive digital space integrating virtual reality, augmented reality, and blockchain technology, reshaping education, commerce, and social interaction patterns.

An academic framework for studying how to reach mutually beneficial agreements amid conflicting interests, from Harvard principled negotiation to "split the pie" game theory, emphasizing interest decomposition, BATNA analysis, and value creation.

The economic, social, and fiscal challenges brought about by global declining birth rates and population aging, involving systemic issues such as labor shortages, pension sustainability, and intergenerational equity.

A new computing paradigm that leverages quantum mechanical principles (superposition and entanglement) for computation, capable of achieving exponential speedups on specific problems, with revolutionary implications for finance, cryptography, and materials science.

A controlled experimental environment provided by financial regulators for fintech operators, allowing the testing of innovative products and services within a limited scope while maintaining consumer protection and financial stability.

The strategic significance of semiconductor supply chains amid great power competition, encompassing chip bans, TSMC's geostrategic role, silicon shield theory, and the far-reaching impact of advanced process technology controls on international order.

An urban development model that leverages IoT, big data, and AI technologies to optimize city governance and public services, covering transportation, energy, healthcare, and citizen engagement.

An algorithmic framework proposed by Gale and Shapley for solving optimal matching problems in two-sided markets. Widely applied in medical residency matching, college admissions, and organ donation, it was recognized with the 2012 Nobel Prize in Economics.

A societal state where the population aged 65 and above exceeds 20%, facing structural challenges such as long-term care systems, labor force shortages, intergenerational equity, and the silver economy. Japan is the world's first super-aged nation.

A systematic approach to integrating sustainability considerations into financial decision-making, including green bonds, sustainability-linked loans, carbon trading markets, and TCFD climate-related financial disclosures.

Human capital development planning at the national or organizational level, encompassing talent attraction, cultivation, retention, and mobility, closely linked to national competitiveness and innovation capacity.

Diplomatic strategies and international negotiations centered on technology issues, covering emerging domains such as semiconductor supply chains, AI standard-setting, cross-border data flows, and space governance.

Multilateral institutional arrangements required for managing cross-border economic, legal, and digital activities, including mechanisms such as cross-border data flows, M&A regulation, and international arbitration.